The maximum ice sheet extent and its retreat in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, during the Sanian 2 Glaciation/MIS 12 based on geological data and analysis of karst phenomena

The paper is focused on the palaeographic development of western part Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, during maximum extent Sanian 2 (MIS 12) ice sheet and its retreat. studies were based archival cartographic data, coupled with new lithological petrographic analyses limni- fluvioglacial sands, i.e., grain-size composition, quartz grain morphology heavy mineral analysis, as well analysis erratic material tills. results confirm regional variability in tills point to long-term sands cover documenting cold climate conditions. They also evidence that Mountains was area where two oppositely directed lobes (Radoszyce Sandomierz) advanced Glaciation deglaciation took place stages. Huge quantities meltwater released at time contributed intensification earlier initiated karst phenomena, filling existing caves by sands.